INDEX
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Absorbents, carbon dioxide, 193-194
Acrolein gas in submarine atmosphere, 271
Acute bacterial infection, 181
Age standard, diving candidates, 7
Air
composition of normal, 31-33
volume of in submarines, 268
Air contamination inside submarines, 313
Air Decompression Table, Standard, gaps between specified bottom times, 216
Air demand SCUBA, duration of air supply in, 213
Air diving, zero-decompression limits for, 229
Air embolism, 98-99, 165, 259
danger of, 322
in submarine escape, 322
symptoms of, 322-323
prevention, 98
traumatic, 42
treatment, 98, 105, 167
inside recompression chamber, 329
Air hose
coupling lengths together, 22
diver's, 21-22
replacing by relief diver, 66
Air hose diver, decompression for, 213
Air hose diving, decompression schedule for, 216
Air hose fittings, 22
Air pressure, applying to personnel in recompression chamber, 288
Air pressure during snorkeling, 269
Air regeneration methods, 270
Air salvage connections, external, 314
Air saturation decompression table, 94
Air SCUBA decompression, 215-216
methods, 215
rules for, 215-216
Air sterilization in submarines, 272
Air supply auxiliary, arrangements for, 215
Air supply hose, high pressure, 314
Air temperature, influence on human comfort by, 274
Air-conditioning system, submarine, 272
Air-cylinder manifold, demand valve on, 135
Air-demand system breathing apparatus, resistance in, 205
Air-Lung, Northill, 136
Air-SCUBA diver, decompression for, 213
Air-supply duration, theoretical, graph, 214
Airway systems in rebreathing equipment, 202
Alcohol-boric acid solution, drying ears with, 183
Alertness tests, 340
Alveolar carbon dioxide tension, normal, 197
American Optical Company Pseudo-Isochromatic Plates, 287
Amphibious respiratory unit, Lambertsen, 139
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Amplifier, diving, 25-27
Anatomy and physiology, 35-40
heart and the circulatory system, 35-36
lungs and the circulatory system, 36-40
Anoxia, 171, 323
consequences, 171
definition, 171
effects of prolonged, 171
hazards of, 138, 141, 144, 146
mental effects of, 171
prevention, 171
symptoms, 171
treatment, 171
Antihistaminic drugs, treating coral cuts with, 177
Apnea, voluntary, 259-260
Appendicitis, 304
acute, 299-300
Aqua-Lung, 135
development of, 126
Argon, molecular weight of, 44
Armored diving suit, 145
Artificial respiration
back-pressure, arm-lift method, 109
instruction in, 2
mechanical, 109-110
Ascending, preparations for, 66
Ascent
emergency, technique of, 162
mandatory exhalation in emergency, 166
rate of, 86
safety procedure for, 161
Asphyxia of the diver, 99
cause, 100
point at which reached, 269
prevention, 100
symptoms, 100
treatment, 100-101
Asphyxiation, 299-300
Aspirator supply hose, 75
Atmosphere
composition of normal, 31-33
submarine, 268-272
analyzing for carbon dioxide, 270
bacteria in, 272
battery gases in, 271
engine exhaust fumes in, 271
harmful contaminants of, 270-271
impurities in, 271-272
odors, objectionable in, 272
oil vapors in, 271
oxygen and carbon dioxide in, 269-270
pressure inside, 268-269
volume in, 268
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343
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Atmospheric contaminants inside submarines, 270
Atomic submarines
atmospheric vitilation of, 335
medical considerations of, 335-338
Auditory pitch discrimination, testing, 340
Autonomic nervous system, effect of carbon dioxide on, 337
Aviator's oxygen, 269
Bacteria in submarine atmosphere, 272
Bag oxygen level, 236
Barotrauma; See Squeeze
Barracuda, precautions against, 179
Basal oxygen consumption, 335
Battery disconnect switches, 280
Battery electrolyte, pollution of, 271
Battery gases in submarines, 271
Battle injuries, deaths from, 302
Beckman Oxygen Analyzer, 81
Bell, rescue, 314
connections between ASR, 314
description, 314
Belloni tub-trunk method of escape from submarines, 317
Bends, 173, 212, 323
formation of, 47
treatment of, 330
Bert, Paul, 9
Blackout, shallow-water, 171
Blackout during skindiving, 261
Blacky test, 287
Blast injuries, underwater, 117
description, 118
treatment, 118, 176
Blast protection, SCUBA diver, 176
Blast tolerance, 176
Bleeding from the lungs
cause, 101
prevention, 101
treatment, 101
Bleeding from the nose
cause, 101
prevention, 101
treatment, 101
Bleeding relating to diving, causes, 170
Blood, diseases of, 302
Blood circulatory system illus., 36
organs of, 35
Blood samples, obtaining on Operation Hideout, 339
Blood sugar level, decreases in, 335
Blowing up
cause, 101
prevention, 101
treatment, 102
Body odor, offensive, 288
Body saturation by gases, 47
Body squeeze, 42
Body surfaces, effects of pressure unequally applied to, 40
Body temperatures, maintaining mean, 244
Boyle's gas law, 31, 37, 321
Breastplate, 18
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Breath-holding
cardiac arrhythmias as a result of, 261
in skindiving, 260
methods of prolonging, 260-261
Breathing apparatus
handling, 156
open-circuit systems, 234
oxygen-circuit systems, 234
semiclosed circuit mixed-gas, 143
semiclosed circuit systems, 236-239
suitability for use with gas mixtures, 234
Breathing apparatus, closed-circuit systems, 234-235
with oxygen replacement, 235-236
continuous injection of oxygen, 235-236
respiration, linked to, 236
volume-replacement principle, 235
Breathing apparatus, physiological consideration in design and evaluation of, 186-210
breathing resistance, 200-208
carbon dioxide, 193-195
absorbents, 193
canister design, 194-195
effects of, 197-200
production, 193
oxygen consumption, 186-191
in underwater swimming, 187-188
swimmer equipped for determination of, 188
swimming ergometer, 189-190
versus speed, 188
with various types and degrees of activity, 187
respiratory dead space, 195-196
respiratory minute volume, 191-193
measurements at depth, 191
measurements at surface, 191
versus oxygen partial pressure, 192
respiratory requirements, 186
Breathing apparatus suitable for mixed-gas diving, 234-240
closed-circuit systems, 234
with oxygen replacement, 235
open-circuit systems, 234
semiclosed circuit systems, 236
Breathing bag, 209, 320
imbalances of pressure caused by, 200
Breathing circuit, 209
Breathing equipment
approved, 156
diving without, 258-262
Breathing resistance in air passages, 208
Breathing resistance in SCUBA, 128, 200
Breathing system considerations in SCUBA design, 209
British clearance divers breathing apparatus, 143
Bubbling, SCUBA, 146
Buddy line, 108
Buddy system, SCUBA divers, 158
Buoy cable, messenger, 314
Buoyancy,
negative, 313
theory of, 34-35
using submarine's reserve, 313
Buoyancy of wet foam suit, 252
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344
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Bureau of Mines Experimental Station, Pittsburgh, Pa., 11
Burns, 300
Burow's solution, 181
Cables, connecting, 28
Caisson disease, 323
prevention of, 47
Caloric test, 169
Canister(s), 74
absorption, faults of design, 194
Canister considerations in SCUBA design, 209
Capillary dilation, 167
Carbon dioxide
artificial removal of on submarines, 269
concentrated, effects of on personnel, 269
predictive time-concentration toxicity curve for, 335
results of prolonged exposure to, 335-338
source of in submarine atmosphere, 271
stimulatory effects of, 335
toxic action of, 44-45
Carbon dioxide absorbent, 74, 269
Carbon dioxide absorbent canister, 320
Carbon dioxide absorption in SCUBA, 128
problem of, 193
Carbon dioxide absorption canisters causes of failure in, 195
common defects in, 194-195
Carbon dioxide accumulation, 171-172
after effects, 172
prevention, 171-172
reasons for, 171
recognition, 172
shallow-water blackout, 171
treatment, 172
Carbon dioxide analyzer, 270
Carbon dioxide concentrations, effects of human exposure to, 335
Carbon dioxide excess causes of death from, 199
symptoms, 199
Carbon dioxide levels, effect of depth pressure upon, 197
Carbon dioxide mixtures, obtaining cardiorespiratory data during exposure to, 336
Carbon dioxide poisoning, hazards of, 138, 142, 144, 146
Carbon dioxide production, body, 193
Carbon dioxide respiratory stimulation, 199
Carbon dioxide toxicity, 323-324
Carbon monoxide, 271
in submarine atmosphere, 271
safe amount of for air diving, 175
Carbon monoxide hemoglobin, formation of, 174
Carbon monoxide poisoning, 173-175
carbon monoxide hemoglobin
depth pressure, effect of, 174
formation of, 174-175
relationship between the proportion of inactivated hemoglobin and symptoms in, 174
sources, 173-174
treatment, 175
408832 O-57-23
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Carboxyhemoglobin formation, rate of, formula, 174-175
Carboxyhemoglobin in circulating blood, symptoms accompanying various percentages of, 174
Cardiac abnormalities as a result of breath-holding, 2,61
Cardiorespiratory data, obtaining during exposures to CO2 mixtures, 336
Cardiovascular effects from carbon dioxide, 197-198
Cardiovascular system examination
diving candidate, 7
submarine training candidates, 288
Casualties, management of during submarine training, 328-330
Cellulitis, 182
Central nervous system, depressive effects in, 335
Central nervous system depression, 198-199
symptoms, 198
Cerebral vasodilatation, 197
Chamber decompression, 215
Chamber in submarine, escape with, 316
Charles' Law, 31
Chest cavity, air in the, 114
Chicken pox, 300
Chlorine gas, effects of, 271
Circulatory efficiency tests, 340
Circulatory system
diseases of, 302
saturation and desaturation in, 48
the heart and the circulatory system, 35-36
Closed-circuit breathing apparatus, 234-235
depth limitation of, 142
maintenance, 142
with oxygen replacement, 235-236
Closed-circuit rebreathing apparatus, 234-235
with oxygen replacement, 235-236
Closed-circuit systems, SCUBA
apparatus duration, 142
basic components, 138
breathing media, 141
dead space, 139, 141
gas utilization, 141
gas-supply control, 141
gas-supply duration, 142
medical aspects, 142
military considerations, 142
operating limits, 142
pendulum system, 139
recirculating system, 138-139
Clothing
protective for divers, 244-255
submarine, 280-283
cold weather gear, 281-283
warm climates, requirements in, 280
Cold water protection for divers, 176
Cold weather, clothing requirements for submarine personnel in, 280-281
Cold weather clothing
for watch standing on a submarine, 281
requirements of, 281
Cold weather gear
illus., 281-282
submarine, 281
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345
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Colds, 300, 303
Cold-water swim suit, types of, 247
Color, effect on personnel, 277
Color discrimination, examination for, 289
Color vision, method for scoring, 292
Color vision standards
diving candidates, 7
submarine duty, 287
Color vision testing, 289
Farnsworth Lantern for, 290
Communicable diseases, classification, 300
Communication equipment for divers, 255
Communication with SCUBA, 128
Communications, diver's, 24-28
amplifier, 27
electrical, 24
mechanical, 24
reproducer, 27
signals, naval standard, 24
emergency, 25
pull, 24
Communications Department, Submarine School, subjects covered by, 4
Compartments, design of in submarines, 275-278
color, 276-277
lighting, 276
recreation areas, 277
sleeping spaces, 278
working areas, 277
Compass, use in SCUBA diving, 160
Compressed air illness, 67
oxygen treatment for, 111
Compressed air intoxication, 172-173
maximum depth for diving on air, 172
prevention, 173
symptoms, 172
treatment, 173
Constant volume swim suit, 250
Constipation, 300, 303
Contaminants, atmospheric on submarine, 270
Contaminated water, use of SCUBA in, 157
Control valve, 73, 75
Coral injuries, treating, 177
Coral poisoning, 177
Cousteau's constant volume suit, 250-251
Cruise, submarine, trainee, 4
Currents, hazards to divers by, 180
Cylinder pressure, SCUBA, 210
Dalton's Law, 38
Davis gear, 320
Decompression
chamber, 215
explosive, 322
helium-oxygen, 83-95
descent, the, 86
emergency procedures, 94
oxygen stops, 86
surface, 95
methods of giving a SCUBA diver, 215
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Decompression-Continued
regular, 67
stage, 52
surface, 67, 95, 215
limits of depth and exposure for, 56
table using oxygen, 57
using air, 56
using oxygen, 56
Decompression for air dives, standard, 52-55
attendants, instructions to, 55
timekeeper, 55
with self-contained apparatus, 212-220
Decompression for multilevel dives, 217
Decompression phenomena, instruction in, 2
Decompression procedures, emergency, 94-95
Decompression sickness, 67, 103-107, 173, 212, 216
cause, 103
hazards of, 138, 142, 144, 146
instruction in, 2
occurring under pressure, 107
preparedness for treating, 107
prevention, 104
symptoms, 103, 329
treatment, 104-105, 323
errors in, 107
helium-oxygen, 106
oxygen, 106
recurrences, 106
table, 105
tender, 106
without chamber, 106
Decompression sickness for skindivers, 259
Decompression stages, divers', 23-24
Decompression table (s)
air saturation, 94
helium saturation, 94
helium-oxygen partial pressure, 87-94
instruction in, 3
SCUBA, 216
standard, 52-57
Decompression table using compressed air, 53
Decompression time, 52
Decompression with helium-oxygen mixtures, characteristics of, 83
procedure for, 83
Deep diving limits
emergency, 219
rules, 219
Deep sea diving instruction, 1
Deep Sea Diving School
facilities at, 12-14
reestablished at NGF, 11
Deep-sea suits, standard, self-contained apparatus for, 145
Demand system components, 135
Demand valve, adaptation to diving apparatus, 134
Demand valve mechanism, illus., 134
Dental conditions, emergency treatment for, 307
Dental diseases, 306
classification, 301
Dental examination for candidates for submarine training, 288
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Depth control, lowered oxygen percentages during loss of, 334
Depth gage, 159
value of to divers, 255
Descending, methods of, 60
by decompression stage, illus., 62
Descent
pressure equalization during, 161
rate of, 60
safety precautions for, 120
Diaphragm, action of, 37
Dietary dissatisfaction, effect on morale, 279
Digestive system, diseases of, 303
classification, 300
Disease immunity, 334
Diseases, diagnostic classification of blood, 302
circulatory, 302
communicable, 300
dental, 301
digestive system, 300
ear, 301
eye, 301
genitourinary tract, 301
infectious type, 301
lung, 302
motor system, 301
nervous system, 301
nose, 301
skin, 300
throat, 301
Diseases and conditions reported on submarines, 299
Distilling units, electric vapor compression, 279
Dive(s)
decompression tables applicable to repetitive, 216
multilevel, 217
repetitive, 216
required decompression procedure for, 52
safety considerations in the use of SCUBA before, 160-161
ascent, the, 161
descent, the, 160-161
equipment, care of, 161
procedures before dive, 160
surfacing, 161
Diver (s)
air supply to, 78
condition of, 155
at time of dive, 155
examination, initial, 155
reexamination, periodic, 155
determining direction of travel, 63
dressing, safety precautions, 120
dressing the, 14-24
leaving the descending line, 63
method of decompressing the, 67
oxygen supply to, 78
protective clothing for, 244-255
qualifications for, 118-119
relief, 65
safety precautions for tending a, 121
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Diver(s)-Continued
searching for lost articles, 63-64
the first, 9
training prerequisites before diving, 156
working about moorings, 64
working on muddy bottom, 63
working on rocky bottom, 63
Diver's alveolar carbon dioxide tension, 197
Diver's communications, 24-28
Diver's equipment, 14-24
Diver's underwear, electrically heated, 78-79
Divers using SCUBA, 108
Dives with self-contained equipment, current status, 217-218
depth limit, normal maximum, 217-218
diving limits, present, 217
factors in deep dives, 217
Diving, 60-68
ascent, the, 66-68
decompression in SCUBA, 215
depth-time limits for on 100% oxygen, 224
descent, the, 60-66
by decompression stage, 62
working on the bottom, 60-66
development of in U. S. Navy, 9-13
float, 68
gas-mixtures in self-contained, 228-242
helium-oxygen, 70-95, 240; See also Helium oxygen diving instruction in, 1
safety precautions covering, 122
history of, 9-13
instruction in for medical officers, 1-6
medical aspects of, 30-49; See also Medical aspects of diving mixed-gas, 145
oxygen convulsions in SCUBA, 222
pressure-tank, instruction in, 1
river, instruction in, 1
safety precautions for, 118
safety precautions for mask, 121-122
shallow water, 108
squeeze in shallow-water, 115
Diving accidents, 98-122
classification of, 98
SCUBA, 165
Diving amplifiers, 25-27
models in general use, 26
Diving boat, small-craft, 67
Diving conditions, safety considerations in the use of SCUBA
contaminated water, 157
surface conditions, 157-158
tides and currents, 157
underwater visibility, 157
water temperature, 157
Diving depth, factors limiting, 146
Diving dress, 14, 17
Diving duty, physical standards for, 6-8
Diving equipment, safety precautions for, 119
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347
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Diving gear
self-contained, problems of, 2
shallow-water, 1
Diving helmet, Navy standard, 18-20
Diving hose, 22
Diving intercommunication system, 25
Diving limits
air SCUBA, 217
mixed gas, 233
nitrogen nondecompression. 231
oxygen tolerance, 232-233
Diving log, 54
Diving Manual, Bureau of Ships, 81, 159, 216
Diving medicine, 126-127
instruction in, 1-2
Diving on air, limits for, 172
Diving operations, planning for, 119, 158
Diving shoes, 18
Diving suit
early type, 10
positive heating for, 253
advantages. 253
sources of, 253
Diving time on a surface-to-surface basis, 217
Diving training facilities, development of, 10-14
Diving with helium-oxygen mixtures, 78
Diving with negative buoyancy, 159
Diving with self-contained apparatus, decompression in, 212-220
Diving with self-contained underwater breathing Apparatus, 126-132; See also Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
Diving without breathing apparatus, 258-262; See also Respiratory equipment
Draeger gear, 320
Dressing the diver, 14-24
Drive, scoring
definition, 294
factors considered, 294
rating categories, 294
Drowning, 107-110, 299, 302
in SCUBA diving, 165
in skindiving, 261
prevention, 108
artificial respiration, mechanical, 109-110
treatment, 108-109
Dry bulb thermometer readings, 272-273
Dry foam suit, 249
Dry swim suits
nonequalizing, 247-249
bunch-back, 247, 249
foam, 249
gum rubber, 247
illus., 248-249
insulation, loss of in, 250
leakage difficulty in, 249
material construction, 247
methods of entry, 247-249
neck ring closure, 249
over-heating in, 250
waist seal, 249
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Dry swim suits-Continued
with equalization, 250-251
advantages and disadvantages, 250-251
Cousteau constant volume suit, 251
operation of, 250
Dry-chamber tests with pure oxygen, 113
Dwyer chemical carbon dioxide analyzer, 270
Ear(s)
anatomy of, 41
barotrauma of, 168, 259
diseases of, 301
examination of, for candidates for submarine training, 288
examination of, for diving candidates, 7
external, squeeze, 169
pain in, during descent, 60
Ear damage to personnel on submarines, 333
Ear defenders, 278
Ear infections, 305
external
preventive measures, 182-183
treatment, 181-182
types, 181
factors favoring, 181
Ear pains
cause, 110
prevention, 110
treatment, 110
Eardrum, ruptured, 305, 324
Eardrum rupture in cold water, 169
Eels, electric, 180
Effective temperature
chart for finding, 274
results on, by changing a thermal factor, 273-274
Electric lighting cable, 314
Electric shock, 300
Electrical Department, Submarine School, subjects covered by, 4
Electrocardiograms for skindivers, 259
Electrocardiographic data, obtaining during exposures to CO2 mixtures, 337
Electroencephalographic data, obtaining during exposures to CO2 mixtures, 337
Emphysema(s)
mediastinal, 166
subcutaneous, 166
treatment of, 167
Endocrine glands, effect of carbon dioxide on, 337
Engine exhaust fumes in submarine atmosphere, 271
Engine noises, submarine, 278
Engineering Department, Submarine School, subjects covered by, 4
Engineroom personnel, chronic exposure to noise by, 278
Entanglement, diver, 161-162
Equipment, personal, safety considerations in the use of SCUBA, 159-160
accessories, 159-160
compass, 160
depth gage, 159
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348
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Equipment, personal, etc.-Continued
facemask, 159
flashlight, 160
floatline, 160
flotation gear, 159
knife, 159
lifeline, 160
noseclip, 159-160
protective clothing, 160
swimfins, 159
watch, 159
weight belt, 159
weights, 160
breathing apparatus, 159
Equipment, SCUBA
approved, 156
maintenance procedure, 156
stowage and handling, 156-157
Ergometer, swimming, 189
Escape, submarine, medical considerations in; See submarine escape
Escape compartment
depletion of oxygen in, 323
flooding, 313
Escape from submarines
factors influencing mode of, 312-313
conditions inside submarine, 313
depth of water submarine rests in, 313
help from other vessels, availability of, 312
surface conditions, 312
individual, 316
See also Submarines
techniques of individual submarine, 317-318
training and facilities for, 334
collective, 334
individual, 334
with SCUBA, 321
Escape tank training, 289-290
Escape tank training operations, medical officer attending, 328
Escape training, free, 328
Escape training for submarine crews, 327-328
Escape training tank, submarine, 325-330
casualties, management of, 328-330
illus., 325, 326
operation, 325-327
structure, 325-327
training procedures, 327-328
Escape trunk, 316
Escape valve, diver adjusting, 61
Ether hazard in submarine atmosphere, 271
Eustachian tube, blockage of, 167
Exhaust fumes, engine, 271
Exhaustion
prevention, 110
treatment, 110
Experimental Diving Unit, 11, 71
instruction, 1-3
laboratory instruction, 3
results of studies on oxygen exposure limits, 222-224
Explosives, procedures for divers working with, 176
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Exposure, calculation of tolerable duration, 246
Eye, diseases of, 301
Eye irritation, 306
Eye strain, 306
Face mask, 159
full, 161
mounting the demand valve on, 135
Face mask squeeze, 116
hemorrhage under tissues of eye coverings from, 116
Face squeeze, 42
Farnsworth Lantern, 287, 290
Feet, skin temperature chart for, 244
Fire extinguishers, 280
First aid kits, submarine, 313
Flashlight, underwater, 160
Floatline, 160
Floats, diving, 68
Flooding, submarine, 313
Flooding down compartment, escaping by, 316
Flotation arrangements, SCUBA, 210
Flotation gear, swimmer's, 254
Flow systems, schematic diagrams for, 203
Fluorescent light, 276
Foamed neoprene, thermal conductivity of, 246
Food, factors effecting intake, 279
Fouled divers, 111
Fouling, 111
Free ascent, methods of, 162
Free escape from submarines, 321
disadvantage of, 321-322
regulating speed, 321
Free escape training, 328
Freon-12 in submarine atmosphere, 271
Fresh water supply on submarines, 279
Fumes, engine exhaust, 271
Fungus infections, 183, 300, 305
preventive measures, 183
treatment, 183
Garbage disposal units, 280
Gas
automatic injection system for mixed, 143
noxious, effects of, in escape compartments, 324
Gas analysis apparatus, Haldane-Henderson, 81
Gas analyzer, 81
Gas cylinders, 143
Gas mixtures in self-contained diving, 228-242
breathing apparatus for use with, 234
helium-oxygen, 240-242
nitrogen-oxygen, 228-234
Gas sample-collecting apparatus, 81
Gas solubility, 35
Gas utilization
closed-circuit system, 141
semiclosed system, 144
Gases
battery, 271
body saturation by, 47
narcotic action of, 43-44
solubility in water ratios, 44
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Gases dissolved in arterial and venous blood, partial pressures of, 39
Gas-supply control, semiclosed systems, 144
Gas-supply duration in semiclosed apparatus, 144
Gas-supply exhaustion, 161
Gastroenteritis, 303
Gastrointestinal system examination
diving candidate, 7
submarine training candidates, 288
Genitourinary system examination diving candidate, 7
Genitourinary tract, diseases of, 305
classification, 301
German submarine designs, 332
Giant clams, 180
Gingivitis, 307
Gloves, webbed, 254
Gum rubber swim suit, 247
Haddock, U. S. S., 339
Haldane, J. S., 9
Hands
problem of protecting from cold, 253
skin temperature chart for, 244
Headache, 301, 306
Health, conditions of, limiting submarine operations, 299
Hearing, method for scoring, 292
Hearing loss among engineroom personnel, 278
Heart and the circulatory system, 35-36
Heart disease, 302
Heat
amount produced by body, 245
regulation of body, 272
Heat loss, body, 245-246
rate of, 245
in relation to duration of exposure, 246
Heat production
body, 245
metabolic, in underwater swimming, 245
underwater swimmer's, 245
Heat rash, 300, 304
Helium
advantages related to decompression in use of, 240
molecular weight of, 44
Helium mixtures in SCUBA, advantages of, 240
Helium-oxygen decompression tables, example for using, 84
Helium-oxygen dives, decompression time for, 70
Helium-oxygen diving, 1, 70-95, 240
decompression, 83-95
development and principles, 70-72
gas mixture, mixing and analyzing, 72-83
physiological aspects of, 70-72
safety precautions covering, 122
Helium-oxygen diving, gear, 72-83
canister, 74
control valve, 75-76
heated underwear, 78-79
helmet, 72-73
manifold, 76
recirculator, 73-74
supply line, 75
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Helium-oxygen diving technique, 81-83
Helium-oxygen manifold, 75
rigged for air supply to diver, 78
rigged for oxygen supply to diver, 77
Helium-oxygen mixture(s), 72, 83, 240-242
analyzing, 81
carbon-dioxide absorbent, 74
emergency tables for using 94
experiments with, 72
experiments with by Bureau of Mines, 11
oxygen percentage of, 84
preparation of, 80-81
results of experimentation with, 71
Helium-oxygen mixtures in self-contained breathing Apparatus, 240-242
Helium-oxygen partial pressure decompression tables, 87-94
Helium-oxygen rate of ascent table, 84
Helium-oxygen stops, 86
Helium-oxygen supply line, 75
Helium-oxygen table of partial pressures, 85
Helium-oxygen volume tank, 77
Helium saturation decompression table, 94
Helmet
attaching to breastplate, 23
diving, Navy standard, 18-20
helium-oxygen diving, 72-73
Helmet cushion, 18
Helmet safety lock, 73
Helmet ventilation, obtaining proper, 62
Hemoptysis, treatment for, 167
Hemorrhoids, 300
Henry's Law, 38
Hydrogen sulfide, 271
Hydro-Pak mask, Scott, 137
Immunity, disease, 334
Impurities in submarine atmosphere, 271-272
carbon dioxide, 271
mercury vapor, 271
tobacco smoke, 272
toxic gases, 271
Infectious diseases, classification of, 301
Injuries
classification, 300
diagnostic classification of, 300
Insects, fumigation for on submarines, 280
Instrument panel lighting by illuminating source, 276
Insulation
amount required under various conditions, 246
loss of, in swim suit, 250
Intelligence scoring
factors considered, 293
rating categories, 293
Intercommunication system, diving, 25
Intestinal organs, gas formation within, 43
Intrapulmonary pressure, consequences of excessive, 165
Jellyfish stings, reactions to, 178
Kata globe thermometer, 274
Kinetic theory and pressure, 33-34
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Knife
divers', 159
value of, to divers, 255
Krasno-Ivy meter, 335
Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit, 126, 139
Laminar flow system, 202-203
Life preserver, vest-type, 159
Lifeline, 160
replacing by relief diver, 66
Lighting
faults of direct, 276
instrument panel, 276
of submarine compartments, 276-277
red, 277
Locke Marital Adjustment Test, 287
Lung(s)
bleeding from the, 101
consequences of overpressurization of, 165-166
diseases of, 302
effects of unequal air pressure on, 40-41
overexpansion of, 42
partial pressures of gases in the air of, 38
Lung rupture, 166
Lungs and the respiratory system, 36-40
Malaria, 300
Manifold, helium-oxygen, 75-76
Manta rays, injuries from, 180
Manual dexterity tests, 340
Marine life
hazards of, 177-180
barracuda, 179
clams, giant, 180
coral, 177
electric eels, 180
jellyfish, 178
manta rays, 179-180
moray eels, 179
octopus, 180
sea urchins, 177
sharks, 178
vegetable life, 177
radioactivity spread by, 183
Masculinity Role Test, 287
Mask considerations in SCUBA design, 209
Mask diving, safety precautions for, 121-122
Mask-mounted demand valve, open-circuit air-demand system with, 135
Maturity scoring
definition, 293
factors considered, 293
emotional, 293
physical, 293
rating categories, 293
McCann chamber, 314
Mean radiant temperature, 274
Mean skin temperature, 244, 245
Measles, 300
Mechanical injuries from external violence, 111
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Medical aspects of diving, 30-49
elementary anatomy and physiology, 35-40
physics of diving, 30-35
pressure effects on body structure and function, 40-49
Medical Department administration, 6
Medical instruction at U. S. Naval Medical Research Laboratory, 4-6
clinical psychiatry, 5
dentistry, 6
general, 4
human engineering, 6
industrial hygiene, 5-6
Medical Department administration, 6
otolaryngology, 5
personnel assessment, 5
physiology, 5
preventive medicine, 5-6
radiological health, 6
Medical officer(s)
interview with submarine, 290
submarine, training of, 1-6
trained in diving medicine, 127
Medical problems of future submarines, 332-342
atomic submarines, 335-338
Operation Hideout experiment, 338-342
Medical problems in submarines, 298-310
diseases and injuries, classification of, 300-302
diseases encountered, 299
psychiatric casualties in warfare, 307-310
tuberculosis problem, 310
Medical Research Laboratory, physical examination at, 289
Medical Research Laboratory Assessment, 296
Medicine, preventive, 334
Mercury vapor in submarine atmosphere, 271
Mess compartment, submarine, 278
Metabolic heat production, 245
in underwater swimming, 245
Metabolism, basic measure of, 245
Methane, 271
Meyer-Overton Theory, 43, 324
Middle ear squeeze, 168-169
damage, degrees of, 168
symptoms, 168
Mines, locating with SCUBA, 130
Mixed gas diving limits, 233
Mixed gases, zero-decompression limits for, 229
Mixed-gas breathing apparatus, automatic mixture control in, 239
Mixed-gas diving, breathing apparatus suitable for, 234-240
Mixed-gas injection with popoff, 236
Molecular weight of gases, 44
Momsen lung, 271, 317
escape with, 334
Moray eels, attacks on divers by, 179
Motor system, diseases of, 301
Mouthpiece, flood-out, 161
MRL Data Card, illus., 291
Multilevel dives, 217
Mumps, 299-300
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Narcotic action of gases, 43-44
Narcotics in first aid kits, 313
Nasal accessory sinuses, 41
Nautilus, U. S. S., frontispiece
Naval School, Salvage, Bayonne, N. J., 13
Navy Diving School, Newport, R. I., establishment of, 10
Navy Life, adjustment to, scoring
definition, 293
factors considered, 293
psychological, 293
social, 293
rating, categories, 293
Navy standard decompression tables, 52-57
Neck ring closure swim suits, advantages and disadvantages, 249
Negative buoyancy, 313
Neomycin, treating ear infections with, 182
Nervous system, diseases of, 301
Nervous system depression, 172
New London Navy Color Vision Lantern, 287
Nitrogen
molecular weight of, 44
narcotic action of, 43-44
Nitrogen absorption and elimination, 45-49
Nitrogen accumulation, preventing, 144
Nitrogen elimination
hastening, 49
illus., 46
Nitrogen narcosis, 172-173, 217, 324; See also Compressed Air Intoxication
elimination of, in deep dives, 240
importance of elimination of, 240
Nitrogen nondecompression diving limits, 231
Nitrogen partial pressure, reducing, 173
Nitrogen-oxygen breathing mixtures, 228-234
Noise, influence on work output, 278-279
Noise levels on submarines, 278
Nose
bleeding from the, 101
diseases of, 301
Nose and throat conditions in candidates for submarine duty, 287-288
Nose and throat examination, diving candidate, 7
Nose clamp, 321
Nose clip, 159
Nuclear energy for submarine propulsion, 335
Nuclear radiation hazards, 183
Octopus, method for killing, 180
Odors, in submarine, cause of objectionable, 272
Officers' Submarine School, instruction at, 3-4
Oil vapors, danger of in submarine atmosphere, 271
Oil-water solubility ratios of gases, 44
Open-circuit breathing apparatus, 234
Open-circuit demand system, SCUBA, 145
Open-circuit SCUBA, 234
Open-circuit systems, SCUBA
breathing media, 137
continuous flow, 134
demand, 134-135
depth effect on gas-supply duration, 146
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Open-circuit systems, SCUBA-Continued
gas utilization, 137-138
gas-supply duration, 138
medical aspects, 138
military considerations, 138
operating limits, 138
Operation Hideout experiment, 338-342
Ordnance Department, Submarine School, subjects covered by, 4
Otitis externa; See Ear infections
Otitis externa, chronic, treatment for, 181
Otomycosis, 181
Overexertion, 170
limitations of lung-power, 170
respiratory response, 170
Overheating in closed swim suit, 250
Overpressurization of the lungs, consequences of, 166
Oxides of sulfur, 271
Oxygen
artificial addition of on submarines, 269
aviators, 269
depth-time limits for diving on 100%, 224
lowering pressure of, 172
molecular weight of, 44
surface decompression using, 56
toxic action of, 44
Oxygen, pure, results of experiments while breathing, 111-112
divers at rest, 111
dry chamber, 111-112
wet chamber, 112
divers at work in wet chamber, 112
Oxygen bends, 142
Oxygen breathing equipment, 56
Oxygen closed-circuit equipment, safe depth of operation for, 142
Oxygen consumption
decrease in basal, 335
determination on ergometer, 191
formula for conversion to heat production, 245
in closed-circuit gear, 142
in underwater swimming, 188
replacement of, 235
underwater swimmer equipped for determination of, 188
Oxygen consumption and ventilation, relationships between, 192
Oxygen content of inspired gas, consequences of reduction of, 171
Oxygen convulsions, 165
Oxygen dead space, 141
Oxygen diving, 113
Oxygen exposure limits, 222-225
problems in establishing, 222
Oxygen pendulum system, closed-circuit, 139-140
Oxygen percentage, checking helium-oxygen mixture for, 81
Oxygen poisoning, 94, 111, 172, 173
avoidance of, 225
instruction in, 2
limitations upon mixed-gas breathing apparatus because of, 239
prevention, 113
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Oxygen poisoning-Continued
symptoms, 112
treatment, 113
Oxygen stops, 86
Oxygen supply to diver, 77
Oxygen tolerance, 222-226
carbon dioxide and exertion, 225
exposure limits, 222-225
oxygen poisoning, avoidance of, 225
results of Experimental Diving Unit studies, 224
Oxygen tolerance diving limits, 232-233
Oxygen toxicity, 172, 323
hazards of, 137, 142, 144, 146
occurrence, 172
prevention, 172
treatment, 172, 323
Ozone, 271
Patrol duration, shortening of, 333
Pendulum system, closed-circuit, 139-140
Penicillin, treating ear infections with, 182
Performance Evaluation Report, illus., 295
Personal adjustment, scoring, 292
definition, 292
factors considered, 292
physical, 292
psychiatric, 292
psychosociological, 292
rating categories, 292
Personal History Form, 286, 290
Personnel, procurement of select, 334
Personnel assessment, definition, 286
Personnel selection
definition, 286
submarine, 286-296, 334-335
aptitude, 294
drive, 294
intelligence, 293
interest, 294
maturity, 293
Navy life, adjustment to, 393
personal adjustment, 292
Personnel trapped in submarines, methods of freeing, 312-313
Phosgene gas in submarine atmosphere, 271
Physical examination at Medical Research Laboratory, 289
Physical standards for diving duty, 6-8
Physical standards for submarine duty, 287
Physics of diving, 30-35
air, composition of normal, 31-33
buoyancy, theory of, 34-35
gas solubility, 35
general considerations, 30-31
kinetic theory and pressure, 33-34
Physiological functions, measuring human, 338
Physiology, instruction in, 2
Pneumonia, 299-300, 302-303
Pneumothorax
spontaneous, remedy for, 43
treatment of, 167
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Poisonous fish, 180
Polymyxin, treating ear infections with, 182
Portuguese men-of-war stings, 178
Positive buoyancy, devices giving, 322
Pressure
effects of, instruction in, 2
excessive intrapulmonary, 165-167
application to diving situations, 166
damage, mechanisms of, 165
prevention, 166-167
kinetic theory and, 33-34
means of escape equalizing with sea, 316-317
escape trunk, 316-317
flooding down compartment, 316
variation of volume and density with, 32
Pressure chamber, exposure in, 327
Pressure changes, sinus pains during, 329
Pressure effects on body structure and function, 40-49
applied equally to all parts of the body, 40
applied unequally to all parts of the body, 40
ears, 41
face or body squeeze, 42
lungs, 40-41
narcotic action of nitrogen, 43-44
nitrogen absorption and elimination, 45-49
overexpansion of stomach and intestinal organs, 43
overexpansion of the lungs, 42
phenomena, 40
secondary pressure phenomena, 43
sinuses, 41
spontaneous pneumothorax, 43
teeth, 41
toxic action of carbon dioxide, 44-45
toxic action of oxygen, 44
Pressure equalization, 324
Pressure inside submarines, 268-269
Pressure phenomena, secondary, 43
Pressure regulator, Grove-type, 77
Pressure tank, illus., 12
Pressure test, diving candidate, 7
Pressure-tank diving, 1
Prophylactic antibiotic therapy, 169
Propulsion devices for swimmers, 254
Psychiatric casualties on submarines, 310
Psychiatric studies of Operation Hideout, 338, 341
Psychological fitness of applicants for submarine training, 287
Psychomotor performance, measuring human, 338
Psychomotor response, observing on Operation Hideout, 341
Pull signals, transmitting, 24
Radiation decomposition products, 272
Radiation hazards, nuclear, 183
Radioactivity spread by marine life, 183
Rations, emergency canned, 313
Rebreathing apparatus, closed-circuit, 234-236
Recirculating system, closed-circuit, 138-139
Recirculator, 73
Recirculatory device, 74
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Recompression chamber, 56
applying air pressure to candidates within, 288
candidates ability to equalize pressure in, 7
candidates testing ability to equalize air pressure in, 288
description, 8
illus., 8
Recompression chambers at Experimental Diving Unit, 13
Recreation areas on submarines, 277
Red lighting, necessity for, 277
Regulator pressure, SCUBA, 210
Relative humidity, influence on human comfort by, 274
Reproducer, diver's, 28
Rescue bell, 313
advantages of, 315
air hose for venting to atmospheric pressure, 314
disadvantages of, 315
escape with, 314
procedure for using, 314-315
Rescue buoys, 312
Rescue vessels, submarine, 312
Respiration, definition, 36
Respiration tests, 340
Respiratory dead space, definition, 195
Respiratory equipment, diving without, 258-262
breath-holding, 259-261
blackout, 261
cardiac arrhythmias as result of, 261
oxygen and pressure effects, 260
prolonging, methods of, 260-261
drowning, 261
medical aspects, 258-259
fitness for, 258
physical qualifications, 258-259
training for, 258
snorkel, use of, 261
submergence and pressure, 259
air embolism, 259
barotrauma, 259
decompression sickness, 259
squeeze, 259
thoracic squeeze, 259
Respiratory infections, upper, 181
Respiratory muscles, 37
Respiratory quotient, 193
Respiratory responses from carbon dioxide, 198
Respiratory system, lungs and the, 36-40
Respiratory system examination
diving candidate, 7
for submarine training candidates, 288
Revitalization, formula for, 269
River diving, instruction in, 1
Rosenzweig's Pictorial Frustration Test, 287
Rubber, thermal conductivity of, 246
Rubber exposure suit, 160
Rubber-impregnated cloth, thermal conductivity of, 246
Ruptures, 300
Safety air nonreturn valve, 20-21
Safety considerations in the use of SCUBA. See SCUBA
Safety devices, SCUBA, 210
Safety features on submarines, 280
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Safety in design of submarines, 280
Safety precautions applicable to diving, 118-122
Salvage air connections, external, 314
Sanitary tank, emptying at sea, 272
Sanitation, problems in on submarines, 280
Scarlet fever, 300
Screening personnel for the use of SCUBA, 148
SCUBA
advantages over conventional gear, 127-128
disadvantages, 128-129
breathing resistance in, 200
classification of, 134-146
closed-circuit, 138-142
miscellaneous, 145
open-circuit, 134-138,234
semiclosed, 142-144
oxygen poisoning in the use of, 222
personnel selection for the use of, 148-149
psychiatric aspects, 148-149
screening, 148
standards, 148
volunteers, 149
removing carbon dioxide from respired gas in, 193
submarine escapes with, 321
SCUBA, safety considerations in the use of, 155-162
dive, the, 160-161
ascent, the, 161
descent, the, 160-161
equipment care, 161
procedures before, 160
surfacing, 161
diver, condition of, 155
at time of dive, 155
examination, initial, 155
reexamination, periodic, 155
diving conditions, 157-158
buddy system, 158
contaminated water, 157
emergency measures, 159
negative buoyancy, 159
surface conditions, 157-158
surface craft, 158
tides and currents, 157
underwater visibility, 157
water temperature, 157
equipment, maintenance and handling, 156-157
personal equipment, 159
accessories, 159-160
breathing apparatus, 159
planning operations, 158
qualification of diver, 156
training of diver, 156
underwater emergencies, 161-162
buddy's role, 162
emergency ascent, 162
entanglement, 161
floodout of mouthpiece, 161
full face-mask, 161
gas-supply exhaustion, 161
surfacing, 162
swim mask, loss on flood-out of, 161
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SCUBA, training in the use of, 149-151
demonstrating effects of anoxia and, 150
carbon dioxide excess, 150
instruction, classroom, 149
decompression tables, 151
shop training, 151
swimming requirement, 151
SCUBA characteristics, summary of, 146
SCUBA decompression, 212
tables, 216
SCUBA design, 208-210
breathing system considerations, 209
breathing bag, 209
breathing circuit, 209
canister considerations, 209
emptying, 209
filling, 209
size and configuration, 209
configuration
fit and form, 208
size and shape, 208
underwater swimming considerations, 208
SCUBA diving limits, 217
SCUBA operations, problem of sunburn in, 177
SCUBA training, use of snorkel in, 261
SEA
evaluation of, 320
instruction in the use of, 319-320
Sea pressure, escaping without equalizing with, 313-316
escape chamber in submarine, 315-316
rescue bell, 314
surfacing the vessel, 313
using external salvage air connections, 314
using ship's reserve buoyancy, 313
Sea urchins, SCUBA diver protection against, 178
Sea-nettles, injury from, 178
Seasickness, 306
cause of on submarines, 280
Seasickness problem in SCUBA diving, 180
Self-contained gear, comparative characteristics, table of, 146
Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, 108, 126-132
conventional equipment, comparison with, 127-129
disadvantages, 128-129
relative merits, 129
diving, importance in modern, 126
diving medicine, implications in, 126-127
equipment, choice of, 130-131
military objectives, 129-130
defensive operations, 130
miscellaneous operations, 130
offensive operations, 129-130
objectives, 127
Semiclosed circuit equipment, maintenance, 144
Semiclosed circuit mixed-gas breathing apparatus, 143
Semiclosed circuit systems
breathing apparatus, 236-239
SCUBA
apparatus duration, 144
breathing media, 143
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Semiclosed circuit systems-Continued
SCUBA-Continued
components, basic, 142
continuous flow, 142-143
gas utilization, 144
gas-supply control, 144
gas-supply duration, 144
medical aspects, 144
military considerations, 144
operating limits, 144
Shallow-water blackout, 171,199
Shallow-water diving, safety nonreturn valve used in, 116
Shark repellents, 178
Shell-Natron, 74
Siebe, Augustus, 9
Siebe's diving suit, illustration, 11
Signals, emergency, giving, 25
Sinus, failure to equalize, 169
Sinus pains during pressure change, 329
Sinuses
air pressure in, 41-42
pain in, 60
Sinusitis, 169-170
Skin
chronic disease of, 288
diseases of, 304
classification, 300
Skin examination, diving candidate, 7
Skin rashes, 304
Skin temperature
conservation of heat through lowered, 245
mean, 244
Skin temperature chart, 244
Skindivers
electrocardiograms required for, 259
squeeze in, 259
Skindiving
blackout during, 261
physical qualifications for, 258-259
thoracic squeeze in, 259
training for, 258
use of snorkel in, 261
Sleeping spaces, submarine, 278
Snorkel
rise of, in skindiving, 261
use in SCUBA training, 261
Snorkeling, air pressure during, 269
Sonar aptitude grade, 292
Soup lines, 314
Space, habitable in submarines, 267-268
Spontaneous pneumothorax, 114
preventing, 114
treatment, 114-115
Squalus, U.S.S., experimental work on, 71
Squeeze, 167-170
bleeding, 170
causes, 115
prevention, 115
treatment, 116-117
eardrum rupture in cold water, 169
external ear, 169
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Squeeze-Continued
mechanism of, 167
middle ear, 168-169
rubber suit, 170
sinusitis, 169-170
situations involving, 167
Squeeze in shallow-water diving, 115
Stage decompression, 52
Sting ray injuries, 179
treatment for, 179
Stomach, overexpansion of, 43
Streptomycin, treating ear infections with, 182
Submarine(s)
aptitude for, 294
Medical Research Laboratory assessment, 296
rating categories, 294
Submarine School assessment, 296
deaths occurring aboard on war patrol, 299
diseases peculiar to, 334
escape from, 312-330
equalizing with sea pressure, 316-317
factors influencing mode of, 312-313
medical considerations, 322-324
methods of, 317
techniques of individual, 317-322
training tank for, 325-330
without equalizing with sea pressure, 313-316
habitability in, 266-280
atmosphere, 268-272
compartments, design of, 275-278
engine noises, 278-279
space, 267-268
thermal, 272-275
interest in, scoring, 294
rating categories, 294
medical problems in, 298-310
medical problems of future, 332-342
officers' basic course in, 3
type XXI, 332-333
type XXVI, 332
Submarine clothing, 280-283
Submarine Department, Submarine School, subjects covered by, 4
Submarine designs, German, 332
Submarine duty, physical standards for, 287
Submarine escape, medical considerations, 322-324
air embolism, 322
anoxia (hypoxia), 323
carbon dioxide toxicity, 323-324
decompression sickness, 323
nitrogen narcosis, 324
noxious gas effects, 324
oxygen toxicity, 323
pressure equalization, 324
types, 334
Submarine medical officers, training of, 1-6
Submarine medicine training, 4-6
Submarine operations, health conditions limiting durations of, 299
Submarine personnel, visual acuity of, 276
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Submarine rations, 279
Submarine rescue vessels, 312
Submarine School
departments at, 3
quota for, 3
training procedures at, 327-328
Submarine School assessment, 296
Submarine service
assessment of personnel volunteering for, 286
procedure for assessing candidates for, 286
sources of men volunteering for, 286
Submarine training, officers' basic course in, 4
Submarine warfare, psychiatric casualties in, 307-310
case histories, 308-310
Suffocation of the diver, 99-101
Suit squeeze, 170
Sunburn, 300
problems of in SCUBA operations, 177
Surf, hazards to divers by, 180
Surface craft, SCUBA diving operations from, 158
Surface decompression, 56-57,67,215
limits of depth and exposure for, 56
Surface decompression procedure, 95
Surface decompression table, 57
Surface exposure, 177
Surfacing, safety consideration in, 162
Swim ergometer
in use, 190
oxygen consumption determination on, 191
Swim mask, loss or flood-out of, 161
Swim suits
possible developments in protective, 252-253
types of cold water, 247
wet, 251-252
advantages and disadvantages, 252
Swimfins, 159
SCUBA diver's, 254
Swimming, underwater, 208
Swimming ergometer, trapeze, 189
Tactical Department, Submarine School, subjects covered by, 4
Teeth, examination of for diving candidates, 7
Telephone communication, cable for, 314
Television, underwater, 1
Temperature
body, 244
extremes of 274-275
finding effective, 274
optimal effective, 274
water, 244
effects of on SCUBA divers, 176
Temperature chart, skin, 244
Temperature of extremities, maintenance of, 245
Thermal comfort, index of, 274
Thermal conductivity, 246
Thermal conductivity values of various substances, list, 246
Thermal factors in environment, influence on comfort by, 274
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Thermal habitability, submarine, 272-275
air-conditioning system, 272
temperature
effective, 274
extremes of, 274-275
Thoracic squeeze in skindiving, 259
Throat, diseases of, 301
Throat muscles, spasm of the, 42
Thyroid activity during exposure to carbon dioxide, 337
Tides, hazards to divers by, 180
Tissue edema, 167
Tissues
desaturating capabilities of, 47-49
saturating capabilities of, 47-49
Tobacco smoke, persons hypersensitive to, 272
Tonsillitis, 300,302
Torpedo tubes, escape through, 317
Torricelli's barometric principle, 317
Training facilities, development of diving, 10-14
Training procedures at Submarine School, 327-328
Trapeze swimming ergometer, 189
Traumatic air embolism, 42
Trunk, escape, 316
Tuberculosis problem in submarines, 310
Tub-trunk, Belloni, 317
Turbulent flow systems, 203
Tympanic membrane, rupture of, 167
Underwater, reactions of men, 334
Underwater blast injuries, 117
Underwater breathing, analysis of, 204
Underwater breathing apparatus, 126-132
measurements for evaluation of, 204
Underwater decompression, 68
Underwater demolition swimmer, working without breathing apparatus, 262
Underwater demolition teams, operations with SCUBA, 129
Underwater emergencies with SCUBA, 161-162
ascent, emergency, 162
buddy, 162
entanglement, 161
face-mask, full, 161
gas-supply exhaustion, 161
mouthpiece, flood-out of, 161
surfacing, 162
swim mask, loss or flood-out of, 161
Underwater explosions, injury from, 176
Underwater swimmer(s)
heat production by, 245
possible development in suits for, 252-253
Underwater swimming, metabolic heat production in, 245
Underwater swimming at different speeds, oxygen consumption in, 188
Underwater swimming considerations for SCUBA design, 208
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Underwater visibility, checking before diving, 157
Under water work, oxygen consumption in, 187
Underwear, heated, 78-80
U. S. Naval Medical Research Laboratory, medical instruction at, 4-6
U. S. S. Lafayette, 13
Vegetable life, diving accidents in connection with, 177
Venereal disease examination, 288
Venereal diseases, 305
Ventilation, the minute volume of, 191
Vincent's infection, 307
Vision
method for scoring, 292
minimal for submarine duty candidates, 287
Vision standard, diving candidates, 7
Vision standards for submarine duty, 287
Visual acuity, testing, 289
Walke, U.S.S., 10
Walter turbine, 332
War patrols, problem of waste accumulation during, 334
Warm climates, clothing requirements for submarine
personnel in, 280
Waste accumulation problem on submarines, 334
Watches, pressureproof, 159
Water
contamination by radioactive particles, 183
fresh supply on submarines, 279
storage of fresh, 313
thermal conductivity of, 246
Water temperature(s)
diving limitations due to, 157
effects of in SCUBA diving, 244
effects on SCUBA divers, 176-177
individual tolerance range of, 245
Wechsler-Bellevue Test, 287
Weight belt, 159
Weight standard, diving candidates, 7
Weight standard for submarine training candidates, 288
Welding, Manual for Underwater, 121
Wet bulb thermometer readings, 272-273
Wet suits, foam, 251-252
buoyancy change, disadvantage of, 252
Wet-chamber tests with pure oxygen, 112
Wool clothing, thermal conductivity of, 246
Working areas, consideration of on submarines, 277
Zero-decompression limits, 218
for air diving, 229
Zero-decompression rules, 219
tabular values, 219
Zero-decompression time applied on a surface-to-surface
basis, 217
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1957 O-408832
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